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Battle of Chesma
Battle of Chesma

The Russian occupations of Beirut were two separate military actions by squadrons of the Imperial Russian Navy as part of Russia's Levant campaign during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. In July 1770 a Russian fleet established naval command of the Mediterranean at the Battle of Chesma (depicted). In 1772 Russia attempted to assist Egypt's autonomous ruler, Ali Bey al-Kabir, who was in rebellion against the Ottoman Empire. A small Russian squadron helped repel an Ottoman offensive on Sidon, then sailed for Beirut. It bombarded the town and occupied it from 23 to 28 June. In 1773, another Russian squadron accepted an offer by the Druze chieftain Yusuf Shihab to pay the Russians a tribute in exchange for their capturing Beirut. A bombardment of the town began on 2 August, and it surrendered on 10 October. Several hundred Albanian mercenaries were left as occupiers and kept the Russian flag raised over the town until late January or early February 1774. (Full article...)

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Walton and Mouvet, pictured in 1913
Walton and Mouvet, pictured in 1913

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Benjamin Netanyahu in 2019
Benjamin Netanyahu

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November 6: Gustavus Adolphus Day in Estonia, Finland and Sweden (1632)

George Eliot
George Eliot
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Les Huguenots

Les Huguenots is an opera by the German composer Giacomo Meyerbeer, based on the French Wars of Religion and with a French-language libretto by Eugène Scribe and Émile Deschamps. One of the most popular and spectacular examples of grand opera, it premiered in Paris on 29 February 1836. The plot moves from day to night as the massacre of the Huguenots approaches. Act 1 is set in the daytime, in the hedonistic surroundings of a chateau belonging to a pleasure-loving Catholic noble. Act 2 is set in sparkling sunshine in the beautiful countryside. Act 3, with near riots between Catholic and Protestant factions, happens as dusk falls. Act 4, with the plotting to massacre the Protestants, occurs at night, and Act 5, with the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre itself, occurs in the darkness of the early hours of the morning. This lithograph depicts the set design for Act 2 of the opera's premiere performance, depicting the gardens of the Château de Chenonceau in west central France.

Lithograph credit: Célestin Deshayes; restored by Adam Cuerden

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