User:Tintero21/Crisis emperors
Chronology of rulers[edit]
Several emperors who rose to power through acclamation of their troops attempted to create stability by appointing their descendants as Caesar, resulting in several brief dynasties. These generally failed to maintain any form of coherence beyond one generation, although there were exceptions.
Roman Empire (235–285)[edit]
(#) – Usurpers / claimants
(§) – Junior co-emperors
(§) – Heir-apparents
Portrait | Name | Approximate reign | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Maximinus dynasty (235–238)[edit] | |||
Maximinus I "Thrax" Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus |
March 235 – June 238 (3 years and 3 months) |
Born c. 173 in Thracia, hence his nickname. Proclaimed emperor by his troops during a mutiny against Severus Alexander, who was later killed at Mogontiacum, Germania Superior. A man of humble origins, he was hated by the Roman Senate since he never visited Rome. Killed during the Siege of Aquileia against followers of Pupienus and Balbinus.[1] | |
Gaius Petronius Magnus | 235 | A patritian ex-consul; said to have been proclaimed emperor after Alexander's murder. Herodian suggests that the accusations against him were actually fabricated by Maximinus.[2][3][4] | |
Titus Quartinus | 235 | Another ex-consul; proclaimed emperor by troops loyal to Alexander. He reigned six months according to the Historia Augusta, but this must be an exageration.[5] Herodian's narrative suggest he was killed rather quickly.[2][3][4] | |
Maximus Gaius Julius Verus Maximus |
January/May 236 – June 238 (caesar under Maximinus I) |
Son of Maximinus, born c. 215; incorrectly called "Maximinus" by some sources. Named caesar (heir apparent) by his father, and later killed alongside him.[6] | |
Gordian dynasty (238–244)[edit] | |||
Gordian I Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus |
c. March 238 – April 238 (22 days) |
Born c. 158 in Phrygia. Proclaimed emperor in Africa during a revolt against Maximinus, later recognized by the Roman Senate. Retrospectively legitimized by the accession of Gordian III. Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of Gordian II.[7][8] | |
Gordian II Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus |
c. March 238 – April 238 (22 days) |
Son of Gordian I, born c. 192. Proclaimed alongside father in opposition to Maximinus by the Senate. Killed during the Battle of Carthage, fighting a pro-Maximinus army. The shortest reigning emperor on record.[7][8] | |
Pupienus Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus |
c. April 238 – July 238 (99 days) |
Born c. 168. Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus with after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus. Made regents of the caesar Gordian III. Assassinated by Praetorian Guard.[7][8] | |
Balbinus Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus |
c. April 238 – July 238 (99 days) |
Born c. 178. Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus with after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus. Made regents of the caesar Gordian III. Assassinated by Praetorian Guard.[7][8] | |
Gordian III Marcus Antonius Gordianus |
c. August 238 – February 244 (5 years and 6 months) |
Grandson of Gordian I, born in Rome on 20 January 222. Proclaimed emperor by supporters of Gordian I and II, then by the Senate; made caesar by Pupienus and Balbinus in May 238. Grandson of Gordian I. Possibly murdered on orders of Philip I | |
Marcus Asinius Sabinianus | 240 | [1] | |
Philippus dynasty (235–238)[edit] | |||
Philip I "the Arab" Marcus Julius Philippus |
c. February 244 – September 249 (5 years and 7 months) |
||
Philip II "the Younger" Marcus Julius Severus Philippus |
c. July 247 – September 249 (co-augustus under Philip I) |
||
Jotapian Marcus Fulvius Jotapianus |
c. 249 | "clearly suggests that this ephemeral emperor rejoiced in a " | |
Pacatian Tiberius Claudius Marinus Pacatianus |
c. 249 | ||
Silbannacus | c. 249 (?) | ||
Sponsianus | Unknown | ||
Licinian Julius Valens Licinianus |
c. 250 | ||
Decian dynasty (235–238)[edit] | |||
Decius Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius |
c. September 249 – June 251 (1 year and 9 months) |
||
Herennius Etruscus Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius |
May/June – June 251 (less than a month) |
||
Hostilian Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus |
c. June – c. July 251 (1 month) |
||
Gallan dynasty (251–253)[edit] | |||
Trebonianus Gallus Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus |
June 251 – August 253 (3 years and 2 months) |
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Volusianus Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus |
August 251 – August 253 (co-augustus under Philip I) |
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Titus Julius Priscus | c. 251 | ||
Non-dynastic (253)[edit] | |||
Aemilianus Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus |
c. July – c. September 253 (c. 2 months) |
||
Silbannacus Mar(ius) Silbannacus |
c. September/October 253 (?) (very briefly) |
||
Valerian dynasty (235–268)[edit] | |||
Valerian Publius Licinius Valerianus |
c. September 253 – c. June 260 (c. 6 years and 9 months) |
||
Gallienus Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus |
c. September 253 – c. September 268 (15 years) |
||
Valerian II Publius Licinius Cornelius Valerianus |
256–258 (caesar under Valerian and Gallienus) |
||
Saloninus Publius Licinius Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus |
Autumn 260 (c. 1 month) |
||
Ingenuus | c. 260 | ||
Macrianus Major Titus Fulvius Macrianus |
c. 261 | ||
Macrianus Minor Titus Fulvius Junius Macrianus |
c. 261 | ||
Quietus Titus Fulvius Junius Quietus |
c. 261 | ||
Regalianus P(ublius) C(assius) Regalianus |
c. 261 | ||
Valens Thessalonicus | c. 261 | ||
Lucius Mussius Aemilianus | c. 261 | ||
Aureolus | c. 268 | ||
Claudian dynasty (268–275)[edit] | |||
Claudius II "Gothicus" Marcus Aurelius Claudius |
c. September 268 – c. April 270 (c. 1 year and 7 months) |
||
Quintillus Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus |
c. April – May/June 270 (17–77 days) |
||
Aurelian "Restitutor" Lucius Domitius Aurelianus |
c. May 270 – c. October 275 (c. 5 years and 5 months) |
||
Septimius | 271 | ||
Tacitus dynasty (275–276)[edit] | |||
Tacitus Marcus Claudius Tacitus |
c. December 275 – c. June 276 (c. 7 months) |
||
Florianus Marcus Annius Florianus |
c. June – September 276 (80–88 days) |
||
Non dynastic (276–282)[edit] | |||
Probus Marcus Aurelius Probus |
c. June 276 – c. September 282 (c. 6 years and 3 months) |
||
Bonosus | 280 | ||
Procolus | 280 | ||
Julius Saturninus | 280 | ||
Caran dynastic (276–282)[edit] | |||
Carus Marcus Aurelius Carus |
c. September 282 – c. July 283 (c. 10 months) |
||
Numerian Marcus Aurelius Numerianus |
c. July 283 – November 284 (1 year and 3/4 months) |
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Carinus Marcus Aurelius Carinus |
Spring 283 – July 285 (2 years) |
Gallic Empire (260–274)[edit]
Portrait | Name | ||
---|---|---|---|
Postumus Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus |
|||
Laelian Ulpius Cornelius Laelianus |
|||
Marius Marcus Aurelius Marius |
|||
Victorinus Marcus Piavonius Victorinus |
|||
Domitian II Domitianus |
|||
Tetricus I Gaius Esuvius Tetricus |
|||
Tetricus II Gaius Esuvius Tetricus |
Palmyrene Empire (270–273)[edit]
Portrait | Name | ||
---|---|---|---|
Septimius Vaballathus | |||
Septimia Zenobia |
Britannic Empire (286–296)[edit]
Portrait | Name | ||
---|---|---|---|
Carausius | |||
Allectus |
- Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (2014). "Emperors". Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 27–37. ISBN 9780816074822.
- Craven, Maxwell (2019). The Imperial Families of Ancient Rome. Fonthill Media. ISBN 978-1781557389.
- Jones, A. H. M.; Martindale, J. R.; Morris, John, eds. (1971–1992). Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press. (see PLRE)
- Kienast, Dietmar; Werner Eck & Matthäus Heil (2017) [1990]. Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie [Roman imperial table: Basics of the Roman imperial chronology] (in German) (6th ed.). Darmstadt: WBG. ISBN 978-3-534-26724-8.
- Feiller, Albert (1976). "Nouvelle note sur la chronologie du règne de Jean Cantacuzène" [New note on the chronology of the reign of John Kantakouzenos]. Études byzantines. 34: 119–124. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1976.2046.
- Peachin, Michael (1990). Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235–284. Amsterdam: Gieben. ISBN 90-5063-034-0.
- ^ Adkins 2019, p. 27.
- ^ a b Herodian (c. 240), History 7.1.
- ^ a b Craven 2019, pp. 291–292.
- ^ a b Kienast 2017, p. 179.
- ^ Historia Augusta, "Thirty Tyrants"
- ^ Kienast 2017, p. 178.
- ^ a b c d Feiller 1976.
- ^ a b c d Peachin 1990.