Draft:Immature sperm

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An immature sperm is an early-stage cell in the process of spermatogenesis that has not yet fully developed into mature, functional spermatozoon. It can be a spermatogonium, a spermatocyte, or a spermatid. A spermatocyte, in turn, can be either primary or secondary, depending on how far it has come in its process of meiosis.

Cell type	ploidy	chromatids	Process
Spermatogonium	diploid/46	2C	Spermatocytogenesis (mitosis)
Primary spermatocyte	diploid/46	4C	Spermatidogenesis (meiosis 1)
Secondary spermatocyte	haploid/23	2C	Spermatidogenesis (meiosis 2)
Spermatid	haploid/23	1C	Spermiogenesis
Spermatozoon	haploid/23	1C	Capacitation

Spermatogonium

Main articles: Spermatogonium and Spermatocytogenesis

Spermatogonia are the earliest identifiable immature male germ cells. They are diploid stem cells located in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. They are classified into two types: Type A, which undergo mitosis to replenish themselves, ensuring the continuous supply of germ cells; and Type B, which differentiate into primary spermatocytes during spermatocytogenesis, marking the initiation of spermatogenesis.

Spermatocyte

Main article: Spermatocyte

Primary spermatocyte

Primary spermatocytes are the immediate descendants of spermatogonia. They are diploid cells that undergo meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocytes. Meiosis I reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in two equal haploid cells.

Secondary spermatocyte

Secondary spermatocytes are haploid cells formed as a result of meiosis I. They contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. They quickly undergo meiosis II to produce four equal haploid spermatids.

Spermatid

Main articles: Spermatid and Spermiogenesis

Round spermatid

Round spermatids are the first stage of sperm development to exhibit the characteristic head and tail of mature spermatozoa. They are haploid cells with condensed nuclei and are located within the seminiferous tubules. They undergo a series of morphological changes to become elongated spermatids.

Elongated spermatid

Elongated spermatids are the intermediate stage between round spermatids and mature spermatozoa. During spermiogenesis, elongated spermatids undergo extensive morphological changes, including elongation of the nucleus and development of acrosome and flagellum. The Golgi apparatus and mitochondria also play crucial roles in the differentiation of elongated spermatids into mature spermatozoa.

Spermatozoon

Main article: Spermatozoon

Spermatozoa are the final product of spermatogenesis. They are highly specialized cells with a distinct morphology optimized for fertilization. Mature spermatozoa consist of a head containing an elongated haploid nucleus and acrosome, a midpiece packed with mitochondria for energy production, and a flagellum for sperm motility. Spermatozoa are released from the testes into the epididymis, where they undergo further maturation and capacitation.